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Pipes
Crude oil and gas pipelines are subdivided regarding their function in (1) flowlines, (2) gathering pipelines, (3) transmission (or trunk) pipelines, and (4) distribution pipelines (Kennedy, 1993).
Flowlines are installed in oil and gas fields and connect individual wells to field central storage or field processing facilities. They are relatively short
Roads
The pavement is the part of the road that carries the traffic (not to be confused with the footpath), and has a set of layers or material placed over the natural ground (subgrade). The pavement layers spread the load of the vehicles so that it does not exceed the strength capacity of the subgrade.
The challenge for the pavement engineer designing the road is to select the right material and layer thicknesses so that the pavement will be serviceable for the full design life. When discussing the strength of road paving, we usually measure this in the number of vehicles they can support.
Construction
construction covers the processes involved in delivering buildings, infrastructure, industrial facilities and associated activities through to the end of their life. It typically starts with planning, financing, and design, and continues until the asset is built and ready for use; construction also covers repairs and maintenance work, any works to expand, extend and improve the asset, and its eventual demolition, dismantling or decommissioning.
Bridge Construction
Bridge construction
Contents
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1 Introduction
1.1 Beam bridges
1.2 Arch bridges
1.3 Suspension bridges
2 Construction of bridges
2.1 Beam bridges
2.2 Arch bridges
2.3 Suspension bridges
2.4 Bridge bearings
2.5 Expansion joints
2.5.1 Interlocking comb joint
2.5.2 Asphaltic plug joint
2.5.3 Elastomeric in metal runners (EMRs)
2.5.4 Reinforced elastomeric joints (REJs)
3 Bridge failures
4 Related articles on Designing Buildings
5 External references
Introduction
Bridges are a common feature of the built environment and one of the key elements of civil engineering. The basic principles of bridge design are dependent on the load-bearing structure; whether flat, convex or concave. These are better known as beam, arch or suspension bridges: